反驳蒂利:亦是历史社会学家的涂尔干(Emirbayer,1996)
【专辑预告】【157-160期】古典社会学家+施米特的当代重读【已推157期,见页底】
Emirbayer, Mustafa. 1996. ‘Useful Durkheim’. Sociological Theory 14 (2):109–30.
1981年,Charles Tilly在他的专著As Sociology Meets History一书中,收录了这样一章:
——"Useless Durkheim"。
当时,Mustafa Emirbayer还在读大学本科二年级,还只是读心理学专业。但是在15年之后:他却写下了驳论之作:Useful Durkheim。
(ntoe: 只要光线姿势好,没有眼睛大不了。)
1. Tilly为什么要认为涂尔干无用呢?
当然,Tilly在站在历史社会学的角度。
在【历史社会学】中,涂尔干确实很边缘。
Ideas of a Durkheimian tenor were, amid these debates, decidedly marginalized; there seemed little or no place for Durkheim in the theory and practice of historical-comparative sociology (for a rare exception, see Bellah 1959)
正如Tilly指出,在历史社会学中的——two master concepts——现代国家、资本主义,涂尔干的贡献远不如韦伯的国家理论、托克维尔的民主与革命观察,马克思的阶级与生产分析。
Emirbayer回顾道,从1960=1980年代的美国历史社会学家里,Moore, Skocpol,Tilly们,确实是更爱其它三大家,而非涂尔干。
2. 为什么需要涂尔干翻案呢?
Emirbayer对基于上述三大家的历史社会学分析提出质疑:
(1)没从经济阶级结构中(如马克思取向)区分出公民的的结社关系。leave vastly undertheorized a potentially important distinction (within the broad, overarching category of "society" itself) between economic class structures and associational relations of civil life
(2)尽管使用国家—社会,但是国家中心主义(如斯考切波式的韦伯/托克维尔取向)并不仔细探讨“社会”。 Both remain content to take the basic dichotomy of "state versus society" as their theoretical point of departure, without disaggregating the concept of "society" itself into its distinct analytical compone
(3)公共领域没有位置Moreover, the legal, associational, cultural, and public spheres of society have no theoretical place in this analysis.
(4)尤要关注涂尔干的三大文本:
——These books-Professional Ethics and Civic Morals (1992), The Evolution of Educational Thought (1977), and The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1995)-must be read together【Emirbayer的博士论文1989年,就是研究美国的道德教育的历史社会学】
3. 涂尔干的四项历史社会学贡献
第一,公民社会/生活世界的历史社会学
涂尔干关注的是生活世界中的社会化、沟通等被制度化的过程,E.g. 现代家庭如何形成、现代的法人与职业团体是如何形成的。
These later studies all share a concern with differentiated "structures of socialization, association, and organized forms of communication of the lifeworld to the extent that these are institutionalized or are in the process of being institutionalized" (Cohen and Arato 1992:x).
第二,文化分析取向的历史社会学
那些只阅读《社会分工论》的学者会认为尽管涂尔干反对马克思式经济唯物论,但自己仍是唯物论,但只要看晚期涂尔干就知道他多么文化取向了。如果对比其它古典大家,哪怕是韦伯——也知道韦伯关注的是意义的衰落,而是文化的现代性。
当然,这方面代表就是《宗教生活基本形式》,比如,其中对宗教信仰的象征结构的分析。
Durkheim suggests in The Elementary Forms that religious beliefs, and, by extension, other cultural formations, are organized according to a binary logic: They embody symbolic polarities
第三,社会结构变迁史的历史社会学
涂尔干也尤为关注morphological structures and processes upon institutional change, particularly in civil society
比如,他研究了阶层关系与中产阶级的生活Durkheim suggests that the increasing social mobility and social wealth that accompanied these changes greatly narrowed the gulf between the various levels of society and fostered among the middle strata a new desire to emulate the ways of the aristocracy.
第四,情感与社会心理的演变史
可以说,情感是“团结”的胶水。"What holds a society together-the 'glue' of solidarity.
涂尔干分析了为什么耶稣会在特定历史时期是如何团结的?
Indeed, even in explaining school reform in France, Durkheim portrays the Jesuits as a group bound tightly together
by dense matrices of emotional ties, hardly suffering at all from affective disorientation or other irrational disturbances
当然,更不用提他对集体欢腾的分析了。
4. 涂尔干的历史社会学的关联度真是没被发现过吗?
其实,1938年就有此诊断了
. Beginning with Alpert's 1938 study of Durkheim, in fact (reprinted in 1961; see also Wallwork 1972; Challenger 1994), one finds a growing body of scholarship that reads Durkheim as a "relational social realist," as an analyst of historical processes who deems configurations or patterns of transactions the key units of sociological analysis
(Sociological理论大缸第158期)
链接:
第157期 作为政治社会学家的施米特:从纯粹的决断论到制度主义决断论
Emirbayer合辑
活着的美国社会学理论家有三代?关注哪些议题?《ST》主编Emirbayer透露
Mustafa Emirbayer“比较历史社会学”课堂的五条“军规”